Top Makeup Artist in Pretoria: Elevate Your Beauty Look Today

Overview of Makeup Artist Pretoria

Discover the vibrant world of makeup artistry in Pretoria, where talented professionals are dedicated to enhancing your natural beauty for any occasion. A Makeup Artist Pretoria offers a diverse range of services, from glamorous bridal looks to everyday beauty enhancements, ensuring each client receives personalized attention and stunning results. Whether seeking a bold, dramatic style or a subtle, refined finish, these experts utilize the latest techniques and quality products to create flawless makeup that boosts confidence and style.

Historical Background

A makeup artist in Pretoria is a professional skilled in enhancing and transforming appearance through the art of makeup application. These artists serve a diverse clientele ranging from individuals seeking everyday beauty enhancements to those preparing for special events such as weddings, photoshoots, and fashion shows. Pretoria’s makeup artists are known for their creativity, precision, and ability to cater to various beauty preferences and styles.

Historically, the role of makeup artists in Pretoria has evolved significantly over the decades. In the early days, makeup was mainly used for theatrical performances and cultural ceremonies, reflecting traditional beauty standards. As the fashion and entertainment industries grew, so did the demand for professional makeup services. Over time, Pretoria became a hub for beauty innovation, integrating modern techniques and international trends. Today, makeup artists in Pretoria combine artistic talent with advanced tools and products to deliver customized beauty solutions, cementing their place as essential contributors to the local beauty industry.

Current Trends in Pretoria

Makeup artists in Pretoria are renowned for their creativity and ability to transform their clients with expert techniques and innovative styles. They cater to a wide range of events, from weddings and photoshoots to fashion shows and special occasions, ensuring each look is tailored to individual preferences and trends. With a keen eye for detail and mastery of both classic and modern makeup styles, these professionals provide top-tier beauty services in the city.

Current trends in Pretoria’s makeup scene include a strong emphasis on natural, glowing skin combined with bold eye makeup and vibrant lip colors. Dewy finishes and minimalist yet striking looks are in high demand, especially for everyday wear. Additionally, there is a growing popularity for creative and editorial makeup that pushes artistic boundaries, often incorporating metallics, glitter, and intricate detailing. Social media influencers and local makeup artists are also embracing sustainable and cruelty-free products, aligning with global shifts towards eco-conscious beauty practices.

Services Offered by Makeup Artists in Pretoria

Makeup artists in Pretoria offer a wide range of services to help clients look and feel their best for any occasion. From glamorous wedding looks to everyday beauty enhancements, these professionals provide personalized makeup solutions tailored to individual preferences. Their expertise ensures that each client receives a flawless finish that highlights their unique features and matches the event’s vibe.

Bridal Makeup

Makeup artists in Pretoria offer a wide range of services to enhance your natural beauty for any occasion. Their expertise includes professional makeup application for everyday wear, special events, photoshoots, and images. Whether you’re attending a formal event or want to look your best for a casual outing, these artists provide customized looks tailored to your preferences.

Specializing in bridal makeup, Pretoria makeup artists create stunning, long-lasting looks for brides on their special day. They consult with clients to understand their desired style, skin tone, and wedding theme to craft a perfect bridal appearance. From subtle, elegant styles to bold and glamorous looks, they ensure that brides feel confident and beautiful as they walk down the aisle.

Besides bridal makeup, services often include makeup trials, 자연 skin preparation, makeup for bridesmaids and family members, and touch-up services throughout the event. Many makeup artists also offer additional beauty services such as hair styling, lash extension, and skincare consultations, ensuring clients achieve a complete, polished look for any occasion.

Choosing a makeup artist in Pretoria guarantees professional, personalized service that highlights your unique features and complements your style, making your special day or event memorable and beautiful.

Special Event Makeup

Makeup artists in Pretoria offer a wide range of services to enhance your natural beauty and create stunning looks for various occasions. Special event makeup is one of their primary offerings, tailored to suit weddings, parties, photoshoots, and other significant celebrations. These professionals use high-quality products and techniques to ensure a long-lasting and flawless finish. Whether you want a glamorous, natural, or dramatic look, Pretoria makeup artists customize their services to meet your specific preferences. Additionally, they provide makeup trials, skincare advice, and touch-up services to ensure you feel confident and beautiful throughout your event. Their expertise helps clients look and feel their best for any special occasion.

Editorial and Photoshoot Makeup

Makeup artists in Pretoria offer a wide range of services to cater to various beauty needs, including weddings, special events, and everyday beauty enhancements. They specialize in creating personalized looks that complement individual styles and features, ensuring clients feel confident and radiant. Additionally, Pretoria’s makeup artists excel in editorial and photoshoot makeup, delivering professional and camera-ready looks designed to highlight models and features in high-resolution photography. These services often involve creative and bold makeup applications, tailored to the theme and vision of the photoshoot, providing a flawless finish under studio lighting and capturing striking images.

Bridal Trial Sessions

Makeup artists in Pretoria offer a wide range of services to enhance your beauty for any occasion. They specialize in creating stunning looks that suit your personality and preferences, ensuring you feel confident and beautiful. One of the most popular services provided is bridal trial sessions, which allow brides to experiment with different makeup styles before their big day, ensuring everything is perfect for their wedding celebration.

Services Offered by Makeup Artists in Pretoria

  • Bridal Makeup & Bridal Trial Sessions
  • Event & Party Makeup
  • Photo Shoot Makeup
  • Engagement Makeup
  • Special Occasion Makeup
  • Makeup Lessons & Workshops
  • Makeup for Fashion Shows & Editorials

Makeup Classes and Workshops

Makeup artists in Pretoria offer a wide range of services to help clients look and feel their best for any occasion. These services include bridal makeup, special event makeup, photoshoot preparations, and makeup for fashion shows. They use high-quality products and techniques to achieve desired looks, whether natural, glamorous, or avant-garde. Additionally, many makeup artists provide personalized consultations to customize the makeup style to suit individual features and preferences.

For those interested in enhancing their makeup skills, Pretoria also hosts various makeup classes and workshops. These sessions cater to beginners, enthusiasts, and aspiring professionals, offering hands-on training in techniques such as contouring, eye makeup, and skin preparation. Certified instructors guide participants through the latest trends and tools, helping them build confidence and expertise in makeup application. Whether for personal development or professional growth, makeup classes in Pretoria are a valuable resource for mastering the art of makeup.

Types of Makeup Techniques Used

As a makeup artist in Pretoria, mastering a variety of makeup techniques is essential to create stunning and customized looks for every client. Different techniques such as contouring, highlighting, blending, and airbrushing allow artists to enhance natural features or achieve bold, glamorous styles. Understanding these methods ensures that each makeup application is tailored to suit individual preferences and occasions, making artistry both precise and creative.

Contouring and Highlighting

Contouring and highlighting are essential makeup techniques used by makeup artists in Pretoria to enhance and define facial features. Contouring involves applying darker shades to create shadows, giving the illusion of a more sculpted face, while highlighting emphasizes certain areas to bring them forward. These techniques help in accentuating cheekbones, jawlines, nose shapes, and other facial contours, resulting in a more dimensional and polished look. Skilled makeup artists utilize various products and tools to achieve seamless blending, ensuring a natural yet striking appearance suitable for any occasion.

Airbrush Makeup

Airbrush makeup is a popular technique used by makeup artists in Pretoria for achieving a flawless and seamless finish. This method involves using a special airbrushing tool to apply a fine mist of foundation or other products onto the skin, resulting in a smooth and even coverage. It is especially favored for special events, photoshoots, and bridal makeup due to its long-lasting and natural appearance. Additionally, airbrush makeup can be customized to suit various skin tones and desired looks, making it a versatile choice for makeup artists in Pretoria.

Bridal and Natural Looks

Makeup artists in Pretoria use various techniques to create stunning looks tailored to their clients’ preferences. They specialize in different styles, including bridal and natural looks, to enhance beauty for special occasions or everyday wear.

  • Contouring and highlighting are essential techniques to define facial features and add dimension.
  • Eye makeup techniques such as smoky eyes, cut crease, and eyeliner application are used to create dramatic or subtle effects.
  • Lip coloring ranges from bold reds to soft nudes, depending on the desired look.
  • Blending techniques ensure a seamless transition between different shades, providing a flawless finish.

Bridal makeup focuses on long-lasting, elegant, and often more glamorous looks, emphasizing a radiant complexion, defined eyes, and well-coordinated lips. Natural looks, on the other hand, aim for a fresh, minimalistic appearance with neutral tones and subtle enhancements that highlight the client’s natural beauty, perfect for everyday occasions or photo shoots.

Glamorous and Evening Looks

Makeup artists in Pretoria utilize various techniques to create stunning glamorous and evening looks that enhance their clients’ natural beauty. They often employ contouring and highlighting techniques to define facial features, along with bold eye makeup such as smokey eyes or glitter accents to add drama for evening occasions. For a glamorous appearance, they might use luminous foundation, shimmering highlighters, and elegant lip shades to achieve a sophisticated finish. These artists also focus on precise blending and the use of high-quality products to ensure the makeup lasts throughout special events, making Pretoria a hub for versatile and exquisite makeup artistry.

Choosing the Right Makeup Artist in Pretoria

Finding the perfect makeup artist in Pretoria can transform your look for any special occasion or everyday beauty routine. With numerous professionals offering a range of styles and expertise, it’s essential to choose someone whose skills align with your vision and personality. A great makeup artist not only enhances your natural features but also makes you feel confident and beautiful. Whether you’re preparing for a wedding, photoshoot, or casual event, selecting the right artist ensures a flawless and memorable experience.

Factors to Consider

Choosing the right makeup artist in Pretoria is essential to achieving your desired look for any special occasion or everyday style. It involves considering several important factors to ensure you select a professional who can meet your expectations and provide high-quality service.

Firstly, review the artist’s portfolio to see their previous work and determine if their style aligns with your preferences. Experience and expertise also play a vital role; a seasoned makeup artist will have a better understanding of different skin types, face shapes, and trending techniques. Recommendations from friends, family, or online reviews can give insight into their reliability and professionalism.

Additionally, verify the availability and flexibility of the artist to accommodate your scheduled date. It’s important to communicate your needs and expectations clearly before booking. Lastly, consider the cost and ensure it fits within your budget while still delivering quality results. By carefully evaluating these factors, you can find a makeup artist in Pretoria who will enhance your beauty and boost your confidence for any occasion.

Portfolio and Past Work

When selecting a makeup artist in Pretoria, reviewing their portfolio and past work is essential to ensure their style aligns with your vision. A comprehensive portfolio showcases the artist’s skills, versatility, and ability to create different looks, whether for weddings, photoshoots, or special events. Past work provides insight into their experience, attention to detail, and consistency in delivering high-quality results. Take the time to browse through their images, read client reviews, and ask for references to make an informed decision. Choosing a makeup artist with a strong portfolio ensures you receive professional and satisfactory services for your special occasion.

Client Reviews and Testimonials

When selecting a makeup artist in Pretoria, reviewing client feedback plays a crucial role in making an informed decision. Testimonials provide insight into the artist’s skills, professionalism, and ability to meet client expectations, ensuring you choose someone reliable for your special occasion.

  • Look for reviews that mention the artist’s punctuality and professionalism.
  • Pay attention to comments about the artist’s ability to achieve the desired look.
  • Check for consistency in positive feedback across multiple clients.
  • Identify any mentions of the artist’s use of high-quality products and techniques.
  • Consider the overall ratings and detailed testimonials to gauge satisfaction levels.

Certification and Experience

Choosing the right makeup artist in Pretoria is essential to achieving your desired look, whether for a special event or everyday beauty. Ensuring the artist has proper certification and experience guarantees professional results and safety. A well-qualified makeup artist will understand various makeup techniques and be able to customize their services to suit your individual style and preferences.

  • Verify Certification: Ensure the makeup artist has relevant certifications from reputable beauty or cosmetology institutions. This demonstrates their commitment to professional training and adherence to industry standards.
  • Assess Experience: Choose a makeup artist with proven experience, especially in the type of look you want, such as bridal, fashion, or casual makeup. Experienced artists are more likely to deliver flawless results and handle different skin types effectively.
  • Review Portfolio: Look at the artist’s previous work to evaluate their skill level and versatility. A diverse portfolio indicates they can cater to various styles and client preferences.
  • Read Client Testimonials: Testimonials and reviews can provide insights into the artist’s professionalism, punctuality, and customer satisfaction.
  • Schedule a Consultation: Meet with the makeup artist beforehand to discuss your expectations, assess their understanding of your needs, and ensure you feel comfortable with their approach.

Pricing and Booking Procedures

At Makeup Artist Pretoria, our pricing and booking procedures are designed to provide a seamless and transparent experience for our clients. Whether you’re preparing for a wedding, special event, or photoshoot, we offer clear information on our rates and booking process to ensure your beauty needs are met with professionalism and convenience. We strive to make the scheduling process easy, so you can focus on enjoying your special moments.

Cost Range for Different Services

Our makeup artist services in Pretoria offer a variety of pricing options tailored to meet your specific needs. Booking procedures are straightforward, requiring a confirmation deposit to secure your date and time. We recommend booking at least four weeks in advance for busy seasons to ensure availability. The cost range for different services varies depending on the complexity and requirements of each look. Basic makeup applications generally start from $50, while more elaborate bridal and special occasion looks can range from $150 to $300. Bridal packages, which include trial sessions and on-the-day makeup, typically fall between $200 and $500. Please contact us directly for a detailed quote and to discuss your preferred services and date.

Booking Strategies and Availability

When it comes to booking a makeup artist in Pretoria, understanding the pricing and booking procedures is essential for a smooth experience. Most makeup artists offer a variety of packages tailored to different needs, from casual makeup sessions to special occasion and bridal looks. It is important to inquire about the costs upfront and confirm what services are included to avoid any surprises later.

Booking strategies typically involve early reservations, especially for popular weekends and holiday seasons, to secure your preferred date and artist. Many professionals require a deposit to confirm the booking, with the balance payable on the day of the appointment. Flexibility with dates and clear communication about your expectations can help ensure availability and satisfaction with the service.

Availability varies depending on the makeup artist’s schedule and workload. It is advisable to contact your chosen artist well in advance, ideally several months before your event, to allow adequate planning and adjustments. Some makeup artists maintain online booking systems or calendars, making it easier to check their availability and reserve your spot efficiently.

Consultation Sessions

At our Pretoria-based makeup artist studio, we offer transparent pricing and streamlined booking procedures to ensure a seamless experience for our clients. Our pricing packages vary depending on the service type, complexity, and event requirements, with detailed quotes provided upon consultation. Booking a session is simple—clients can contact us via phone, email, or our online booking system to secure their preferred date and time. We recommend scheduling consultations at least two weeks in advance to allow for proper planning and customization. During consultation sessions, our professional makeup artists discuss your desired look, offer personalized recommendations, and showcase product options to ensure your satisfaction. These sessions are designed to help you feel confident and prepared for your special occasion, whether it’s a wedding, photoshoot, or special event in Pretoria.

Popular Makeup Brands Used by Pretoria Artists

Pretoria’s talented makeup artists are renowned for their skills and creativity, often relying on a variety of popular makeup brands to bring their visions to life. These brands are trusted for their quality, durability, and wide range of colors, making them essential tools in any artist’s kit. From well-known international brands to local favorites, Pretoria artists select products that enhance beauty and ensure flawless finishes for their clients.

High-End Brands

Prestige makeup brands are a favorite among Pretoria artists, who often prefer high-end options to achieve flawless and glamorous looks. Brands such as MAC, Giorgio Armani, and Charlotte Tilbury are widely used for their quality, pigmentation, and longevity, making them staples in the kits of top Pretoria makeup artists. These high-end brands are known for their luxurious formulations and professional-grade products that cater to diverse skin tones and styles, ensuring that artists can create customized and stunning finishes for their clients. Additionally, brands like NARS, Yves Saint Laurent, and Dior are also popular choices, offering a wide range of products from foundations to lipsticks that meet the expectations of both artists and clients seeking premium results. Pretoria’s makeup artists often choose these brands to deliver sophisticated and enduring looks that highlight their skills and meet the high standards of their clientele.

Drugstore and Affordable Options

In Pretoria, makeup artists commonly choose a variety of popular brands that offer quality products suitable for different styles and preferences. Whether they are professionals or enthusiasts, there are numerous drugstore and affordable options that ensure stunning results without breaking the bank.

  • NYX Professional Makeup – Known for their wide range of vibrant colors and trendy palettes.
  • Maybelline – Offers reliable foundations, mascaras, and lip products that are easy to use.
  • e.l.f. Cosmetics – Budget-friendly with high-quality brushes and eyeshadows.
  • Revolution Beauty – Popular for their innovative palettes and concealers at affordable prices.
  • L.A. Girl – Recognized for excellent concealers, highlighters, and some foundation options.
  • Wet n Wild – Offers a variety of colorful lipstick shades, eyeshadows, and essentials for everyday looks.
  • Essence – An ultra-affordable brand perfect for beginners with decent pigmentation and variety.

These brands are widely used by Pretoria makeup artists for their affordability, accessibility, and consistent quality, making them ideal choices for both professional artists and makeup lovers in the area.

Eco-Friendly and Cruelty-Free Brands

Popular makeup brands used by Pretoria artists often include well-known names that are favored for their quality and variety. Many Pretoria makeup artists prefer brands that are eco-friendly and cruelty-free, aligning with the growing trend toward sustainable beauty. Brands such as Fenty Beauty, Milk Makeup, and ELF Cosmetics are frequently chosen for their ethical practices and inclusive shades. Additionally, local and international brands like Urban Decay and Bite Beauty are valued for their innovative formulas and commitment to cruelty-free testing. These brands not only provide stunning results but also ensure environmentally conscious practices, making them top choices among Pretoria’s professional makeup artists.

Location and Accessibility

Location and accessibility are essential factors to consider when choosing a makeup artist in Pretoria. A conveniently located artist ensures easier scheduling and better communication, making the entire experience more enjoyable. Whether you are preparing for a special event or a photoshoot, being able to reach your makeup artist effortlessly can significantly enhance the overall service and satisfaction.

Studio vs. Mobile Services

When choosing a makeup artist in Pretoria, the location and accessibility are important factors to consider. Studio services typically offer a convenient, dedicated space for makeup application, often located in central or easily reachable areas within Pretoria. Mobile services provide the flexibility to have a makeup artist come to your preferred location, making it easier for clients with busy schedules or special events. Both options have their advantages depending on your specific needs and convenience.

  • Studio services are ideal for those who prefer a controlled environment with professional lighting and setup.
  • Mobile services offer greater flexibility, allowing clients to receive makeup application at home, hotels, or event venues.
  • Accessibility can vary based on the studio’s location and transportation options within Pretoria.
  • Mobile makeup artists can accommodate last-minute bookings and on-location events, such as weddings or photoshoots.

Areas Covered in Pretoria

Our makeup artist services in Pretoria are conveniently located to serve clients across the city and surrounding areas. We focus on providing accessible and flexible appointments to ensure everyone can enjoy professional makeup artistry tailored to their needs.

Areas covered include central Pretoria, Hatfield, Arcadia, Brooklyn, Menlo Park, and surrounding suburbs. No matter where you are in Pretoria, our team is committed to reaching you promptly, whether for special events, photoshoots, or everyday beauty enhancements. Our accessible location and mobile services make it easy for clients to experience top-quality makeup artistry in their preferred surroundings.

Customer Satisfaction and Testimonials

Customer satisfaction and testimonials are essential aspects of establishing trust and credibility for a makeup artist in Pretoria. Sharing positive experiences from clients not only highlights the artist’s talent and professionalism but also helps prospective clients feel confident in choosing their services. Genuine feedback and reviews create a foundation of reliability, showcasing the artist’s ability to meet and exceed expectations in the vibrant beauty industry. For a makeup artist in Pretoria, these testimonials serve as a powerful tool to attract new clients and build a reputable presence.

Success Stories

Customer satisfaction is at the heart of every successful makeup artist in Pretoria. Clients appreciate personalized services that accentuate their natural beauty and enhance their confidence. Testimonials from happy clients often highlight the professionalism, creativity, and attention to detail provided by the makeup artist, setting them apart in a competitive market.

Many success stories showcase transformations for brides, models, and special event attendees, demonstrating the artist’s skill in diverse styles and skin tones. One client shared how the artist’s expert touch made her wedding day unforgettable, while another praised the artist’s ability to create flawless looks under pressure. These stories inspire new clients to trust in the artist’s talent and commitment to excellence.

Positive reviews and detailed testimonials not only reinforce credibility but also serve as powerful word-of-mouth marketing. For makeup artists in Pretoria, showcasing success stories on their website or social media platforms helps to attract more clients eager to experience their artistry firsthand. Ultimately, dedicated pursuit of customer satisfaction sustains a thriving career in the vibrant Pretoria beauty scene.

Feedback and Reviews

Customer satisfaction and testimonials play a vital role in establishing trust and credibility for a makeup artist in Pretoria. Positive feedback from clients helps prospective customers feel confident in choosing a talented professional for their special occasions.

  • Testimonials from satisfied clients highlight the quality of makeup services and attention to detail.
  • Reviews often include comments on professionalism, punctuality, and the ability to enhance individual beauty.
  • Feedback provides valuable insights for the makeup artist to improve and tailor their services to client needs.
  • Displaying authentic reviews on a website or social media boosts reputation and attracts new customers.
  • Encouraging clients to share their experiences helps build a loyal customer base and fosters community trust.

Upcoming Trends in Pretoria Makeup Industry

The Pretoria makeup industry is rapidly evolving, driven by innovative techniques and a growing demand for personalized beauty services. As trends shift towards more natural and expressive looks, makeup artists in Pretoria are continuously adapting to meet these changes. From the latest skincare-infused products to bold, creative styles, the industry is set to see exciting developments that will redefine beauty standards in the region.

Innovative Techniques

The Pretoria makeup industry is continuously evolving, with innovative techniques shaping the future of beauty artistry. Emerging trends include the integration of skincare-driven makeup, where makeup artists focus on skin health while enhancing natural beauty. Advanced contouring methods and 3D makeup application are gaining popularity, providing more dimension and realism to looks. Additionally, the use of sustainable and cruelty-free products is becoming a key priority among Pretoria’s makeup artists, aligning with global eco-conscious movements. Technology is also making a significant impact, with augmented reality enabling clients to virtually try different styles before committing. Artistic experimentation with bold colors, graphic lines, and holographic finishes is expected to thrive, allowing artists to push creative boundaries. Overall, Pretoria’s makeup industry is set to embrace innovation, ensuring beauty trends remain fresh, personalized, and ethically conscious.

Influencer Influence

The Pretoria makeup industry is rapidly evolving, driven by innovative trends and the growing influence of social media influencers. Makeup artists in Pretoria are continuously adapting to new styles and techniques, shaping the city’s beauty landscape.

  • Emphasis on Natural and Minimalist Looks: Trend toward enhancing natural beauty with subtle, fresh makeup styles preferred by young clients and influencers.
  • Bold and Artistic Creations: More artists are experimenting with vibrant colors, creative artistry, and avant-garde designs to stand out on platforms like Instagram and TikTok.
  • Skincare-Integrated Makeup: A growing focus on skincare-infused makeup products that promote skin health while delivering desired aesthetic results.
  • Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Products: An increasing demand for cruelty-free, organic, and environmentally conscious makeup brands among Pretoria’s conscious consumers and influencers.
  • Technological Integration: Use of augmented reality apps and tutorials from influencers to showcase makeup looks and boost client confidence in their choices.
  1. Influencer Collaborations: Pretoria-based makeup artists are partnering with local influencers to reach wider audiences and establish credibility in the industry.
  2. Social Media Dominance: Platforms like Instagram and TikTok are central to marketing strategies, where influencers showcase trending looks and tutorials, shaping customer preferences.
  3. Educational Content: Influencers and makeup artists creating tutorials, live sessions, and reviews that empower clients to try new styles and products.
  4. Brand Endorsements: Influencers driving sales through sponsored posts, unboxing videos, and promotional campaigns for makeup brands popular in Pretoria.
  5. Community Engagement: Building vibrant online communities where followers share feedback, ideas, and inspiration, fostering a dynamic makeup culture in Pretoria.
  6. Sustainable and Organic Products

    As Pretoria’s makeup industry continues to evolve, emerging trends highlight a growing preference for sustainable and organic products. Makeup artists in Pretoria are increasingly embracing eco-friendly options, driven by consumer demand for healthier and environmentally conscious beauty solutions. These products are not only better for the skin but also align with a global shift towards sustainability, promoting cruelty-free ingredients and biodegradable packaging. Additionally, organic makeup lines are gaining popularity for their natural formulations that cater to sensitive skin and reduce the exposure to harmful chemicals. This trend indicates a future where Pretoria’s makeup artists will prioritize clean beauty, offering clients innovative, eco-friendly, and skin-safe makeup options that reflect the city’s progressive and health-conscious beauty culture.

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